Agriculture & Spice Plantations

Geographic & agro-climatic background

• Total geographical area: ~15.57 million hectares
• Net sown area: ~6.2 million hectares
• Agro-climatic zones: Odisha is divided into 10 agro-climatic zones, ranging from coastal plains to hilly uplands and plateau regions.
• Soil types: Red, laterite, alluvial, and black soils
• Rainfall: Annual average of ~1,450 mm, mostly during June–September (monsoon)
• Irrigation coverage: ~42% of cultivated area; major sources include canals, tube wells, and lift irrigation.